Phthalate Plasticizers in Children’s Products and
Range of plasticizers' concentration in six categories of children's products in which their concentration was above the detection limits. The box plot describes the minimum, 25 percentile, median
Phthalate Plasticizers in Children’s Products and Estimation
Exposure assessment based on the concentration of phthalate plasticizers in children’s products is crucial, because children are more susceptible to those plasticizers. In recent decades, phthalate plasticizers in children’s products such as toys, teethers, and backpacks were analyzed in numerous studies [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. They were
Alternative Plasticizers As Emerging Global Environmental and
The estd. daily intakes of total phthalates (n = 7) by children and toddlers through indoor dust in childcare facilities were 1.6 times higher than the non-phthalate plasticizers (n = 3), whereas estd. daily intake of total non-phthalates for all age groups at homes were 1.9 times higher than the phthalate plasticizers.
Pediatric Exposure and Potential Toxicity of Phthalate
Phthalates are plasticizers that are added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products to impart flexibility and durability. They are produced in high volume and generate extensive though poorly defined human exposures and unique childhood exposures. Phthalates are animal carcinogens and can cause fetal death, malformations, and reproductive toxicity in laboratory animals. Toxicity profiles and
Children's exposure to phthalates and non-phthalate
Introduction. Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products (Schettler, 2006).High molecular weight phthalates are primarily used as plasticizers in a variety of building materials, industrial products, and consumer products, sometimes at levels as high as 10–30% by mass (Bi et al., 2015; Gong et al., 2015).
- Are there phthalate plasticizers in children's products?
- In recent decades, phthalate plasticizers in children’s products such as toys, teethers, and backpacks were analyzed in numerous studies [ 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 ]. They were found in various polymeric parts of a product, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
- Which phthalate plasticizers are most common?
- Nevertheless, DEHP and DINP are the two most predominant phthalate plasticizers. The concentration of DEHP is the highest in most products in all categories. DBP and DEP were found steadily in children’s products, although the detection frequency is low and the amount in products was minor.
- Do phthalate plasticizers increase dust levels in preschools?
- In our study, the levels of substitute phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers weregenerally higher in dust from preschools built after year 2000, whereas the banned phthalate DnBP was found in higher levels in older building, reflecting the shift in plasticizer use in the EU.
- How many phthalate plasticizers are in PVC toys?
- Of the analyzed products, some had two or more phthalate plasticizers, but most products had one phthalate plasticizer. In the early 2000s, diisononyl phthalate (DINP) was the predominant phthalate plasticizer in PVC toys, of which concentration was up to 44%, and di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) was the second-most dominant [ 12, 13 ].
- How do we assess children's exposure to phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers?
- Exposure assessment To assess children's exposure to phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols viapreschool dust ingestion, daily intakes (μg/kg bw) via dust were calculated, based on the following equation: Daily intake dust = C dust ∗ I dust BW
- What are phthalate plasticizers used for?
- Phthalate plasticizers are widely used to enhance the elasticity and durability of numerous plastic products [ 1, 2 ]. With increasing volumes of plastic products being produced, the amount of phthalate plasticizers being used is increasing as well [ 3 ].
