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Distribution of phthalate esters in air, water, sediments, and fish

                                               
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  • Are there phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in the coastal environment of Korea?
  • Conclusions This is the first nation-wide survey of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in the coastal environment of Korea. Phthalates and alternative plasticizers were detected in all sediment samples from the coastal zone of Korea. DEHP and DEHT were the dominant phthalates and NPPs, respectively.
  • Are phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers found in coastal sediment?
  • Korea is the world's largest consumer of plastic, with increasing production and consumption ( European Plastics and Rubber Machinery, 2016 ). The present study assesses the occurrence, spatial distribution, and potential contamination sources of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in coastal sediment from Korean coastal waters.
  • How are phthalates and NPPs distributed along Korea's Coast?
  • The spatial distribution of phthalates and NPPs along Korea's coast is governed by harbor-zone activities and sedimentary organic carbon. Significant correlations were observed among the compounds of phthalates and NPPs in sediments, suggesting similar sources and environmental behavior in coastal environments.
  • What are phthalate plasticizers?
  • From a chemical point of view, phthalate plasticizers come from an esterification reaction between phthalic anhydride and an alcohol with specific characteristics. Phthalates are the most used molecules in many sectors of industrial production.
  • Are phthalate plasticizers contaminating the environment?
  • DEHA and DEHT were detected in almost all sediment samples (detection rate: 98%), also suggesting major contamination by non-phthalate plasticizers. The occurrence of phthalates in the environment is related to production and consumption in industrial markets ( Gao and Wen, 2016 ).
  • Do phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers pose ecological risk to benthic organisms?
  • Given the occurrence of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers, including DEHP, further studies are required to identify the contamination sources and assess the ecological risk to benthic organisms posed by these contaminants in coastal environments. Fig. 5 Cumulative distribution (%) of DEHP concentrations measured in sediments from.