Doping in sport: What is it and how is it being tackled?

                                               
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Substances and methods used in doping | Reuters

                                               
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WADA publishes 2025 Prohibited List | World Anti Doping Agency

                                               
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Types of Illegal Doping Drugs in Sports - Verywell Fit

                                               
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What constitutes doping? - FIFA

                                               
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  • What are the different types of doping?
  • As a result, doping types and methods have become more complex, including the most recent type, gene doping . Gene doping refers to substances or techniques that import substances such as foreign genes or cells into athletes for nontherapeutic purposes to improve athletic performance by improper methods [19, 21, 22].
  • Does gas chromatography detect stimulants & narcotics in sports doping analysis?
  • A. Beotra, S. Jain, Development and validation of a comprehensive method for detection of eighty stimulants, narcotics & other drugs by gas chromatography nitrogen phosphorous detector/mass spectrometry in sports doping analysis, (2016). Mater.
  • What are the different doping detection methods?
  • Traditional doping detection methods mainly rely on two chromatography methods . One is the GC-MS method. And another is the LC-MS method. These two screening methods are complementary, and together they cover all low- to medium-molecular-weight drugs of abuse that need to be detected according to the WADA regulations.
  • What are the principles of doping analysis?
  • The principles of existing doping analysis can be summarized as follows: (1) Detection methods: Doping control laboratories use a variety of analytical techniques to detect banned substances in athletes’ samples, including mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography (GC), and liquid chromatography (LC).
  • Can doping agents be used as target molecules?
  • Undoubtedly, doping agents can also be used as target molecules. Over a period of time, biosensors constructed using aptamers as recognition units have been extensively used in the field of doping detection [16, 55].
  • How do anti-doping agencies determine if athletes use doping?
  • Through qualitative or quantitative analysis to determine whether there are prohibited substances or metabolites in biological samples (e.g., urine or blood) collected in and out of competition, an anti-doping agency can judge whether athletes use doping or not [14, 15, 16, 17].