Plasticizers: Types, Uses, Classification, Selection & Regulation
Trimellitate Plasticizers Trimellitic anhydride (TMA) is a tri-carboxylic acid of similar structure to phthalic anhydride or acid. Trimellitate esters are used primarily because of their low volatility and high permanence. Commercial trimellitic anhydride (a starting material for trimellitate manufacture) typically contains very small amount of
Plasticizers: Synthesis of phthalate esters via FeCl3
Phthalic anhydride is primarily used as a precursor to produce phthalates (esters of phthalic acid), which have an immense important value as plasticizers, and used in large quantities in plastic (polyvinyl chloride) and rubber [1], [2]. Plasticizers are the substances used to increase flexibility, transparency, durability and longevity of the
Phthalic anhydride
Phthalic anhydride is a principal commercial form of phthalic acid. It was the first anhydride of a dicarboxylic acid to be used commercially. This white solid is an important industrial chemical, especially for the large-scale production of plasticizers for plastics.
Phthalate Ester - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Phthalate esters are prepared by the esterification of two moles of a monohydric alcohol with one mole of phthalic anhydride as shown in Figure 2. Although phthalate esters can be prepared from many different alcohols, the range of alcohols used to make plasticizers for PVC applications is generally limited from C4 to C13 alcohols.
The effects of phthalate ester exposure on human health: A
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers in polymer products and humans are increasingly exposed to them. The constant exposure to PAEs-contained products has raised some concerns against human health.
- What are phthalic acid esters?
- Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of lipophilic chemicals widely used as plasticizers and additives to improve various products' mechanical extensibility and flexibility. At present, synthesized PAEs, which are considered to cause potential hazards to ecosystem functioning and public health, h …
- What are phthalate esters?
- But it has also transformed our natural environment both intentionally and unintentionally. The phthalate esters are among these new high volume synthetic materials. Phthalic acid esters (structure 1, also called phthalates, phthalate esters, or PAEs) are derivatives of phthalic acid (2) whose systematic name is 1,2-benzenedicar boxylic acid.
- What is phthalic anhydride used for?
- Phthalic anhydride is primarily used as a precursor to produce phthalates (esters of phthalic acid), which have an immense important value as plasticizers, and used in large quantities in plastic (polyvinyl chloride) and rubber , .
- What are phthalates and phthalic anhydride?
- Phthalates are esters of phthalic anhydride. Phthalic anhydride (1) has been reacted with alcohols 2 to synthesize phthalate monoesters 3 and diesters 4 with the favor of latter compound that primarily used as plasticizers worldwide. This two-steps process operates in single pot, in the presence of 10 mol% of FeCl3 as a catalyst.
- Are phthalic acid esters endocrine disruptors in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products?
- Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are the most common plasticizers, approximately 90% of which are used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, but they are also endocrine disruptors that have attracted considerable attention. The metabolism of PAEs in PVC products in China from 1958 to 2019 was studied using dynamic material flow analysis.
- Which phthalate molecule is used as a plasticizer?
- Higher phthalate molecules, such as di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and butyl benzyl phthalate, have a wide range of applications as plasticizers in the polymer industry to improve flexibility, workability, and general handling properties, and about 80% of PAEs are used for this purpose [20, 25].
