Tsuyoshi KAWAKAMI | Section Chief | PhD | Division
Amino acid derivative reactivity assay (ADRA) is an in chemico assay for assessing the skin sensitization potential of chemicals by evaluating the reactivity of nucleophilic reagents that mimic...
Skin transferability of phthalic acid ester plasticizers and
The transferability of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and other plasticizers, from model polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets to the skin of 11 subjects was assessed by measuring the amount of substance transferred using PVC sheets containing PAEs and alternative plasticizers of different types and contents.
Skin transferability of phthalic acid ester plasticizers and
The transferability of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and other plasticizers, from model polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets to the skin of 11 subjects was assessed by measuring the amount of substance
Medscape | J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ En
Skin transferability of phthalic acid ester plasticizers and other plasticizers using model polyvinyl chloride sheets. August 04, 2025 [ MEDLINE Abstract ] Feasibility of using...
Recent advances in photocatalytic degradation of plastics and
Common plastic additives (polybrominated diphenyl ethers, nonylphenols, phthalic acid esters, etc.) will continue to be released into the environment during the aging and decomposition process, leading to an immeasurable and lasting negative impact on the environment.
- Can phthalic acid esters co-degrade with microplastics?
- In this paper, a 3D-QSAR model of the comprehensive biodegradability of the phthalic acid esters (PAEs) was constructed by combining the range normalization and entropy weight methods. In combination with molecular modifications, this model was successfully applied to design environmentally friendly PAEs that can co-degrade with microplastics.
- How many phthalate plasticizers are used a year?
- About 8.4 million tons of PAE plasticizers are used annually, accounting for 70% of its total use worldwide. Among these, diethyl phthalate (DEP) accounts for a high proportion [ 2 ]. The extensive use of phthalate plasticizers creates great commercial value, though it also poses environmental health risks that we cannot ignore.
- How do plasticizer-degrading enzymes oxidize phthalate monoesters?
- Under the action of the plasticizer-degrading enzymes, DEP first hydrolyzed to phthalate monoesters (M0-1) and then hydrolyzed to form phthalate (M0-2). Phthalate 4,5-dioxygenase in Gram-negative bacteria oxidized the hydroxyl phthalate to produce 4,5-dihydroxyphthalic acid (M0-3), which decarboxylated to protocatechate (M0-5) [ 50 ].
- How does microbial degradation affect PAE plasticizers?
- Among the possible ways of degradation, microbial degradation is the primary elimination process of PAE plasticizers. It achieves the purpose of recycling elements and balancing the ecosystem [ 45 ]. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria degrade PAEs via different pathways, but both eventually form protocatechate [ 46 ].
- How do Gram-positive bacteria decarboxylate phthalic acid?
- Gram-positive bacteria hydrolyzed phthalic acid at C 3 and C 4 to produce 3, 4-dihydroxyphthalic acid (M0-4), which decarboxylated to protocatechate (M0-5) [ 51 ]. Finally, protocatechate mineralized into CO 2 and H 2 O through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, culminating in the complete degradation of PAEs [ 47 ].
- How are phthalate esters detected in water samples and biodegradation?
- Hashizume K., Nanya J., Toda C., Yasui T., Nagano H., Kojima N. Phthalate esters detected in various water samples and biodegradation of the phthalates by microbes isolated from river water. Biol.
